Classical conditioning is where one thing is "programmed" into the brain, and is associated with another. See Pavlov's dog experiment for a nice example. This can be anything relating to anything, and is thought to have a lot to do with irrational phobias.
Operant conditioning, or operant learning, is where something is learned by the consequences, and if more of a trial-and-error type of learning. For example, a child does something bad, and is scolded by it's mother. the child learns that doing that behaviour will result in a scolding. Operant conditioning research has shown that rewards are better responded to than punishments.
lunes, 22 de marzo de 2010
Negative side of Punishment
Because we can almost always control behavior just as effectively by using reinforcement as by using punishment, and without having to put up with the problems and negative side effects of punishment. If we wish to stop a behavior that is already occurring, we can usually do so by simply eliminating the reinforcement for the behavior — a process we call extinction.
4 Thing that Can Go Wrong!
1. PUNISHMENT OFTEN FAILS TO STOP, AND CAN EVEN INCREASE THE OCCURRENCE OF, THE UNDESIRED RESPONSE.
Since attention is one of the most potent rewards available, and since it is difficult to punish without paying attention to the offender, punishing may serve more as a reward than as a punishment.
2. PUNISHMENT AROUSES STRONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSES THAT MAY GENERALIZE.
Once the strong emotional responses are aroused the degree and direction of generalization is largely uncontrollable. The result may be excessive anxiety, apprehension, guilt, and self-punishment.
3. USING PUNISHMENT MODELS AGGRESSION.
The meaning of "social power is exemplified.
4. INTERNAL CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR IS NOT LEARNED.
The offender may learn to inhibit the punished response during surveillance, but once surveillance ends there is no internal control mechanism to continue inhibiting the behavior.
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning is the discriction of the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement means starting or adding Something Good, something the animal likes or enjoys. Because the animal wants to gain that Good Thing again, it will repeat the behavior that seems to cause that consequence.
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement increases a behavior by ending or taking away Something Bad or aversive. By making the animal's circumstances better, you are rewarding it and increasing the likelihood that it will repeat the behavior that was occurring when you ended the Bad Thing.
Positive Punishment
Positive punishment is something that is applied to reduce a behavior. The term "positive" often confuses people, because in common terms "positive" means something good, upbeat, happy, pleasant, rewarding. Positive punishment, when applied correctly, is the most effective way to stop unwanted behaviors.
Negative Punishment
f the animal was enjoying or depending on Something Good she will work to avoid it getting taken away. They are less likely to repeat a behavior that results in the loss of a Good Thing. This type of consequence is a little harder to control.
http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/Part2.htm#Rplus
B.F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner, born March 20, 1904 and died August 18, 1990, was an American psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for social reform, and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.He came up with the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism, and founded his own school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior.
His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, which has recently seen enormous increase in interest experimentally and in applied settings.
He discovered and advanced the rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure rate of responding as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement. In a recent survey, Skinner was listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century. He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles
His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, which has recently seen enormous increase in interest experimentally and in applied settings.
He discovered and advanced the rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure rate of responding as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement. In a recent survey, Skinner was listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century. He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles
webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html
martes, 2 de marzo de 2010
The Psychology of Addiction
Enter This Webpage If yYou Want To Know More About Addiction Problems, From Smoking To Drinking.
lunes, 1 de marzo de 2010
PAVLOV'S DOGS
Pavlov is recognized mostly for his experiments on classical conditioning. clickies for info
Lil' Albert
This is Lil Albert. He was submitted into several experiments leaded by Dr. Watson. For more info click the link ;)http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Watson/emotion.htm
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